Study "respiration", a flashcard deck on FORKSAI.
Define aerobic respiration and provide its balanced chemical equation.
Aerobic respiration is the breakdown of sugar (carbohydrate) in the presence of oxygen to release energy, carbon dioxide, and water. The balanced equation is: C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + 2820 kJ.
What is cellular respiration?
Cellular respiration is the process by which food, specifically carbohydrates, is broken down to release energy within a cell. This process typically requires oxygen but can also occur without it.
Distinguish between aerobic and anaerobic respiration based on the presence of oxygen.
Aerobic respiration is the breakdown of food (carbohydrate) with oxygen, while anaerobic respiration is the breakdown of food (carbohydrate) without oxygen. This difference in oxygen requirement dictates the products and energy yield of each process.
Describe the two main stages of aerobic respiration.
The first stage of aerobic respiration takes place in the cytosol, where glucose is broken down into two three-carbon compounds without oxygen, releasing very little energy. The second stage occurs in the mitochondria, where these three-carbon compounds are broken down into carbon dioxide and water, requiring oxygen and releasing a lot of energy.
Define anaerobic respiration and give its word equation for yeast.
Anaerobic respiration is the breakdown of sugar in the absence of oxygen, releasing little energy. In yeast, the word equation is: glucose → ethanol + carbon dioxide + very little energy.
What is the primary product of anaerobic respiration in human muscle cells, and what effect does it have?
In muscle cells, the primary product of anaerobic respiration is lactic acid. Lactic acid eventually damages the cells in the muscles and causes cramp.
Explain the role of ATP in cellular metabolism.
Energy released from the breakdown of glucose during respiration is used to make ATP. ATP is later broken down, and the energy released from it will be used for all metabolic reactions within the cell, acting as the cell's energy currency.
What is fermentation, and how is it related to anaerobic respiration?
Fermentation is another name for anaerobic respiration. It is a metabolic process that occurs in the absence of oxygen, where glucose is broken down to three-carbon compounds, releasing little energy, which can then be converted into products like lactic acid or ethanol.
Describe the first stage of aerobic respiration, known as glycolysis, including its location and products.
Glycolysis is the first stage of aerobic respiration, occurring in the cytosol of the cell without requiring oxygen. In this process, a six-carbon sugar (glucose) is converted into two three-carbon compounds called pyruvic acid (pyruvate), producing two ATP molecules and NADH.
What happens to pyruvic acid if oxygen is not present in the cell?
If oxygen is not present, the pyruvic acid (pyruvate) produced during glycolysis is converted into either lactic acid (in muscle cells) or ethanol and carbon dioxide (in yeast), rather than entering the Krebs cycle.