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A&P Exam 2 Study Guide2 flashcards

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  1. Card 1

    How do exocrine and endocrine glands differ in their structure and function?

    Exocrine glands secrete their products onto body surfaces or into body cavities via ducts, whereas endocrine glands are ductless and secrete hormones directly into the extracellular fluid to be picked up by the bloodstream.

  2. Card 2

    How do hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, and fibrocartilage differ in their structural distribution and functions?

    Hyaline cartilage provides pliable support and is found at the ends of long bones and the trachea. Elastic cartilage maintains shape with high flexibility and is found in the external ear and epiglottis. Fibrocartilage provides strong tensile strength to absorb shock and is found in intervertebral discs and the pubic symphysis.

  3. Card 3

    How does the structure of bone tissue enable it to function as a dynamic supportive organ?

    Bone tissue is composed of an organic matrix providing flexibility and an inorganic mineral matrix providing hardness, organized into compact and spongy bone. It continually remodels itself in response to mechanical stress and metabolic needs.

  4. Card 4

    How does nervous tissue function within the human body and where is it located?

    Nervous tissue consists of neurons that generate and conduct nerve impulses and supporting cells that assist them. It is located in the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves to regulate and control body functions.

  5. Card 5

    How do regeneration and fibrosis differ in the process of tissue repair?

    Regeneration replaces damaged tissue with the same type of tissue, restoring normal function. Fibrosis replaces damaged tissue with scar tissue, which is fibrous connective tissue that does not restore normal organ function.

  6. Card 6

    How does the subcutaneous layer function in relation to the skin and deep structures?

    The subcutaneous layer, or hypodermis, anchors the skin to underlying structures such as muscles, stores fat for insulation and energy storage, and acts as a shock absorber.

  7. Card 7

    How do the specialized cells of the epidermis contribute to skin function?

    Keratinocytes produce the protective protein keratin, melanocytes produce the pigment melanin to protect against UV radiation, Langerhans cells function in immunity, and Merkel cells act as touch receptors.

  8. Card 8

    How does the structure of hair and hair follicles support its protective and sensory functions?

    Hair consists of dead, keratinized cells rooted in the hair follicle, which extends from the epidermis into the dermis. Associated arrector pili muscles cause hair to stand up for insulation and sensory nerve endings detect light touch.

  9. Card 9

    How is the rule of nines used to estimate body surface area affected by burns?

    The rule of nines divides the body's surface area into multiples of nine percent to quickly assess the total body surface area burned, which helps guide fluid resuscitation and treatment decisions.

  10. Card 10

    How do apposition and interstitial growth differ as the two types of cartilage growth?

    Interstitial growth involves cartilage expanding from within as chondrocytes divide and secrete new matrix. Appositional growth involves cartilage forming along the outer surface as cells in the perichondrium secrete new matrix against the external face.

  11. Card 11

    How are osteoclasts formed and what is their primary function in bone tissue?

    Osteoclasts are formed by the fusion of white blood cell precursors and function in bone resorption by secreting acids and enzymes to break down bone matrix during growth and remodeling.

  12. Card 12

    How do collagen and minerals contribute to the mechanical properties of bone?

    Collagen provides organic flexibility and tensile strength to resist pulling forces, while inorganic mineral salts provide hardness and compressive strength to resist crushing. Without collagen, bones become brittle, and without minerals, they become overly flexible.

  13. Card 13

    How does endochondral ossification proceed during bone development?

    Endochondral ossification replaces a hyaline cartilage model with bone tissue, starting with the formation of a bone collar around the diaphysis, cartilage calcification, invasion by a periosteal bud, and subsequent spongy bone formation.

  14. Card 14

    How does the epiphyseal plate facilitate the longitudinal growth of long bones?

    The epiphyseal plate consists of hyaline cartilage where cells multiply on the epiphyseal side and are replaced by bone on the diaphyseal side, causing the bone to lengthen.

  15. Card 15

    How does the body repair a bone fracture through its stages?

    Bone repair occurs through the formation of a hematoma, the development of a fibrocartilaginous callus, the replacement of the soft callus with a bony callus through ossification, and finally bone remodeling to restore its original shape.

  16. Card 16

    How does calcitonin regulate calcium levels in the blood?

    Calcitonin is released when blood calcium levels are too high, functioning to lower blood calcium by inhibiting osteoclast activity and stimulating calcium uptake and deposition in bone.

  17. Card 17

    How does parathyroid hormone function to maintain calcium homeostasis?

    Parathyroid hormone is released when blood calcium levels drop, stimulating osteoclasts to degrade bone matrix and release calcium, enhancing calcium reabsorption in the kidneys, and promoting active vitamin D synthesis.

  18. Card 18

    How do the three types of muscle tissue differ in structure, location, and voluntary control?

    Skeletal muscle is striated, multinucleated, voluntary, and attached to bones. Cardiac muscle is striated, uninucleated, involuntary, and found in the heart wall. Smooth muscle is nonstriated, uninucleated, involuntary, and found in the walls of hollow internal organs.

  19. Card 19

    How do the structural layers of compact bone contribute to its protective function?

    Compact bone is structured with repeating units called osteons, containing central canals, lamellae of bone matrix, and osteocytes in lacunae, providing dense structural strength and resistance to stress along weight-bearing axes.

  20. Card 20

    How does the integumentary system protect the body through its multiple functions?

    The integumentary system acts as a physical barrier against mechanical, chemical, and biological damage, prevents water loss, aids in thermoregulation via sweat and blood flow, and synthesizes vitamin D.

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