Biology flashcards

All 28 cards

1. Card 1

   عرف اللمف، وما هي وظيفته الرئيسية في الجهاز اللمفاوي؟

   اللمف هو السائل النسيجي الذي ينتشر إلى الأوعية اللمفاوية. وظيفته الرئيسية هي أن تقوم العقد اللمفاوية بتصفيته، وهو جزء أساسي من جهاز المناعة لاحتوائه على كميات كبيرة من خلايا الدم البيضاء.

2. Card 2

   أي من أنواع العضلات التالية يعتبر لا إرادي ومخطط؟ A) العضلات الهيكلية B) العضلات القلبية C) العضلات الملساء D) جميع ما سبق

   B) العضلات القلبية. العضلات القلبية لا إرادية ومخططة، بينما الهيكلية إرادية ومخططة، والملساء لا إرادية وملساء.

3. Card 3

   شخص يعاني من صعوبة في تحريك ذراعه بعد إصابة في الكتف. بناءً على معلومات الجهاز الهيكلي، ما هو نوع المفصل المتأثر، وما هي الأنسجة التي قد تكون تضررت؟

   المفصل المتأثر هو مفصل الكتف، وهو مفصل كروي حقي يسمح بحركة واسعة. الأنسجة التي قد تكون تضررت تشمل الأربطة التي تربط العظام ببعضها، والأوتار التي تربط العضلات بالعظام، والغضاريف التي تغطي أطراف العظام لتقليل الاحتكاك.

4. Card 4

   Define the term 'الأستيل كولين' and explain its primary function in the nervous system.

   الأستيل كولين is a chemical substance produced in nerve cells. Its primary function is to transmit nerve impulses across the synaptic cleft. It breaks down quickly after transmission to ensure signal accuracy and prevent continuous stimulation.

5. Card 5

   How does the process of nerve impulse transmission occur across the synaptic cleft?

   When a nerve impulse reaches the end of the axon, a chemical neurotransmitter like acetylcholine is secreted. This chemical then travels across the synaptic cleft, stimulating the dendrites of the adjacent cell, which generates a new nerve impulse.

6. Card 6

   Distinguish between the Central Nervous System (الجهاز العصبي المركزي) and the Peripheral Nervous System (الجهاز العصبي الطرفي) based on their components.

   The Central Nervous System consists of the brain and spinal cord, acting as the main control center. The Peripheral Nervous System includes all nerves outside the central nervous system, connecting the brain and spinal cord to other parts of the body, comprising 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves.

7. Card 7

   Which of the following best describes the function of the spinal cord (الحبل الشوكي)? A) Regulates all vital activities and consists of billions of nerve cells. B) Transmits sensory nerve impulses to the brain or spinal cord and forms part of the CNS. C) Includes all nerves outside the CNS and connects the brain and spinal cord to other body parts. D) Produces hormones that regulate bodily functions.

   B) Transmits sensory nerve impulses to the brain or spinal cord and forms part of the CNS. The spinal cord is crucial for relaying signals between the brain and the rest of the body, and it is a key component of the central nervous system.

8. Card 8

   A patient experiences paralysis (فقدان العضلات قدرتها على الحركة) after a severe accident. Based on the provided information, which part of the nervous system is most likely affected, and why is its injury considered as serious as a brain injury?

   The patient's paralysis suggests an injury to the spinal cord (الحبل الشوكي). Spinal cord injuries are considered as serious as brain injuries because the spinal cord is vital for transmitting nerve signals controlling all body organs and functions. Damage to its neural pathways can permanently or temporarily impair physical and mental capabilities, leading to conditions like paralysis.

9. Card 9

   Explain how a single spinal nerve (العصب الشوكيّ) can transmit nerve impulses both to and from the brain simultaneously.

   A single spinal nerve is composed of a bundle of both sensory and motor neurons, held together by connective tissue. This dual composition allows it to carry sensory signals from various parts of the body to the brain and, at the same time, transmit motor commands from the brain to the body, facilitating bidirectional communication.

10. Card 10

    Differentiate between the somatic nervous system (الجهاز الجسمي) and the autonomic nervous system (الجهاز الذاتي) based on the types of actions they regulate.

    The somatic nervous system regulates voluntary actions, primarily involving cranial and spinal nerves connected to skeletal muscles. In contrast, the autonomic nervous system regulates involuntary actions such as heart rate, respiration, digestion, and glandular functions.

11. Card 11

    A person accidentally touches a very hot stove and immediately withdraws their hand without consciously thinking about it. Describe the neural pathway involved in this reflex action, known as the reflex arc (قوس رد الفعل).

    This is a reflex action controlled by the spinal cord. The neural pathway involves receptors in the skin detecting the heat, transmitting the signal via a sensory nerve to a connecting neuron in the spinal cord, which then sends a command through a motor nerve to cause the muscle contraction, leading to hand withdrawal. The brain becomes aware of the pain only after the action has occurred.

12. Card 12

    Why is the reflex action considered important for the body's safety, and what is the role of the brain in this process?

    Reflex actions are crucial for safety because they allow the body to respond quickly to harmful stimuli without conscious thought, as commands are issued directly from the spinal cord. The brain's role comes after the reflex, helping the person to understand what happened and decide on further actions to stop the pain.

13. Card 13

    A person suffering from a common cold (الزكام) often complains that food tastes bland. Explain the physiological reason behind this phenomenon, linking it to the senses of smell and taste.

    When a person has a cold, food seems tasteless because the food particles cannot reach the olfactory cells in the nasal cavity. The sense of smell is crucial for recognizing food flavors; when saliva mixes with food, its aroma travels to the nasal cavity at the back of the throat, stimulating olfactory cells. Without this stimulation, the combined sensation of taste and smell is diminished.

14. Card 14

    What are 'منبهات' (stimulants) in the context of the nervous system, and provide an example of their effect on the body?

    Stimulants are substances that accelerate the activities of the central nervous system. An example is caffeine, found in coffee, tea, and chocolate. Consuming large amounts of caffeine can lead to increased heart rate, tremors, insomnia, and increased urine production by the kidneys.

15. Card 15

    Describe the mechanism by which 'مثبطات' (depressants) affect the nervous system, leading to adverse effects.

    Depressants are absorbed by the stomach and small intestine cells, then enter the circulatory system. They reach nerve cells and penetrate their cell membranes, causing dysfunction in their activities. This direct and harmful impact disrupts normal nervous system operations.

16. Card 16

    A person exhibits symptoms such as loss of balance, stumbling, trembling limbs, and slow speech. Which part of the brain is likely affected by toxins, and what other cognitive impairments might be observed?

    These symptoms indicate a disturbance in the function of the cerebellum (المخيخ), which is responsible for balance and muscle control. Other cognitive impairments might include difficulties in learning, memory, and perception, as well as atrophy and damage to brain cells and changes in brain neurochemistry.

17. Card 17

    What are hormones (الهرمونات), and how do they differ from neurotransmitters in their mode of action and transport?

    Hormones are chemical messages secreted directly into the bloodstream, increasing or decreasing the rate of cellular processes. Unlike neurotransmitters, which act locally across synapses, hormones travel through the bloodstream to target cells throughout the body, exerting widespread and often longer-lasting effects.

18. Card 18

    Which of the following endocrine glands is responsible for secreting growth hormone, and what are the potential consequences of its dysfunction? A) الغدة الصنوبرية (Pineal Gland) B) الغدة الدرقية (Thyroid Gland) C) الغدة النخامية (Pituitary Gland) D) البنكرياس (Pancreas)

    C) الغدة النخامية (Pituitary Gland). The pituitary gland, located at the base of the brain, secretes growth hormone. Dysfunction can lead to gigantism (العملاقة) if overproduced, or dwarfism (القزملة) if underproduced.

19. Card 19

    A patient is diagnosed with diabetes (مرض السكر). Which endocrine gland is primarily responsible for this condition, and what hormone does it produce?

    Diabetes is primarily linked to the pancreas (البنكرياس), located near the stomach. The pancreas produces insulin, a hormone crucial for regulating blood sugar levels. Dysfunction in insulin production or utilization leads to diabetes.

20. Card 20

    What are the two main functions of the testes (الخصيتان) in the male reproductive system?

    The two main functions of the testes are the production of sperm (الحيوانات المنوية) and the production of the hormone testosterone (هرمون التستسترون).

21. Card 21

    Explain the role of the scrotum (كيس الخصيتان) in maintaining optimal conditions for sperm production.

    The scrotum is an external sac that encloses the testes and is located outside the abdominal cavity. Its primary role is to keep the temperature of the testes lower than the body's core temperature, which is essential for the optimal production and motility of sperm.

22. Card 22

    Describe the structure of a sperm cell (الحيوانات المنوية) and the function of its two main parts.

    A sperm cell consists of a head and a tail. The head carries the male genetic characteristics (الصفات الوراثية الذكرية), while the tail aids in its movement (يساعد على حركة), propelling the sperm towards the egg.

23. Card 23

    What is 'الإباضة' (ovulation), and in which female reproductive organ does it occur?

    Ovulation is the process where an egg (بويضة) is released from the ovary (المبيض). It occurs in the ovaries, which are almond-sized organs located in the lower part of the abdominal cavity, starting at puberty.

24. Card 24

    Where does fertilization (تلقيح البويضة) most commonly occur in the female reproductive system, and what happens if fertilization does not take place?

    Fertilization most commonly occurs in the fallopian tube (قناة البيض). If fertilization does not occur, the unfertilized egg moves into the uterus (الرحم).

25. Card 25

    Describe the uterus (الرحم) in terms of its structure and primary function.

    The uterus is a pear-shaped muscular sac characterized by its thick walls. Its primary function is where the fertilized egg develops and grows into a fetus (تكون الجنين).

26. Card 26

    What are the dual roles of the vagina (المهبل) in the female reproductive system?

    The vagina is a muscular tube that serves as both the canal for intercourse (قناة الجماع) and the birth canal (قناة الولادة), as the fetus passes through it during natural childbirth. It is also the exit point for menstrual blood during the menstrual cycle.

27. Card 27

    An individual experiences tremors and insomnia after consuming a significant amount of a certain beverage. What type of substance is likely responsible for these effects, and how does it impact the nervous system?

    The substance is likely a stimulant, such as caffeine. Stimulants accelerate the activities of the central nervous system. In this case, excessive caffeine intake can lead to an increased heart rate, tremors, and insomnia by overstimulating nerve activities.

28. Card 28

    A person has difficulty recognizing the taste of chocolate when they have a blocked nose. How does the interaction between the senses of smell and taste contribute to the full perception of flavor, and why is this affected during a cold?

    The full perception of flavor, like that of chocolate, requires the interaction of both taste and smell. When saliva mixes with food, its aroma travels to the olfactory cells in the nasal cavity at the back of the throat, stimulating them. During a cold, nasal congestion prevents food particles from reaching these olfactory cells, thus diminishing the combined sensation of taste and smell, making food seem bland.

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