cell diversity flashcards

All 20 cards

1. Card 1

   Define the term 'tissue' and provide two examples of plant tissue and two examples of animal tissue.

   A tissue is a group of similar cells that share the same structure and function. Examples of plant tissues include meristematic tissue and dermal tissue. Examples of animal tissues include epithelial tissue and muscular tissue.

2. Card 2

   Explain what tissue culture is and describe two of its practical applications.

   Tissue culture is the growth of cells in a medium outside of an organism, often referred to as in vitro growth. Two applications include micropropagation for plant breeding, where new plants are grown from small tissue samples, and the production of monoclonal antibodies for cancer research.

3. Card 3

   Define 'organ' and give one example from a plant and one from an animal.

   An organ is a group of different tissues that work together to carry out a specific function. An example of a plant organ is a leaf, which performs photosynthesis. An example of an animal organ is the heart, which pumps blood throughout the body.

4. Card 4

   What is an organ system? Provide two examples of animal organ systems.

   An organ system is a group of organs working together to undertake specific functions within an organism. Two examples of animal organ systems are the circulatory system, responsible for transporting substances, and the nervous system, which coordinates body activities through electrical impulses.

5. Card 5

   How does epithelial tissue function in animals, and where is it typically found?

   Epithelial tissue primarily functions to cover surfaces of the body, forming protective layers. It is typically found lining organs, cavities, and the outer surface of the body, such as the skin.

6. Card 6

   Distinguish between the roles of xylem and phloem within plant vascular tissue.

   Xylem transports water and minerals from the roots to the aerial parts of the plant, always moving upwards. Phloem transports food produced during photosynthesis to all parts of the plant, with movement occurring both upwards and downwards.

7. Card 7

   Why is blood considered a connective tissue in animals?

   Blood is considered a connective tissue because it consists of cells (red cells, white cells, platelets) dispersed in a matrix (plasma) and connects all parts of the body to transport oxygen, nutrients, and waste products.

8. Card 8

   Describe the primary function of nervous tissue and identify the specialized cells within it.

   Nervous tissue is adapted to carrying electrical impulses throughout the body, sending messages to and from the brain and spinal cord to enable quick responses to stimuli. The specialized cells within nervous tissue are called neurons.

9. Card 9

   How does the heart exemplify the organization of tissues into an organ?

   The heart exemplifies an organ by containing all four major types of animal tissue: cardiac muscle tissue for pumping blood, epithelial tissue as a surrounding membrane, connective tissue in the form of blood, and nervous tissue as a pacemaker controlling the heartbeat.

10. Card 10

    What are the key requirements for successful tissue culture?

    Successful tissue culture requires a sterile environment to prevent contamination, a supply of essential nutrients for cell growth, and suitable environmental conditions, such as appropriate temperature and pH, to support cell viability and proliferation.

11. Card 11

    Explain the role of dermal tissue in plants, particularly in aerial parts.

    Dermal tissue forms the outer layer of the plant, providing protection. In aerial parts like leaves and stems, epidermal tissue, a type of dermal tissue, has a thick cell wall and can have a waterproof cuticle to protect against water loss and physical damage.

12. Card 12

    What is the primary function of ground tissue in plants, and how does it vary by location?

    Ground tissue is composed of unspecialized cells that make up the bulk of the plant. Its function varies by location: it stores nutrients in stems and roots, is involved in photosynthesis in leaves, and assists in the transport of water and minerals to vascular tissues.

13. Card 13

    Compare and contrast voluntary and involuntary movements in relation to muscular tissue.

    Voluntary movement, such as that produced by skeletal muscle, is consciously controlled by an animal. Involuntary movement, characteristic of cardiac and smooth muscle, occurs without conscious thought, like the beating of the heart or the contractions of the digestive tract.

14. Card 14

    Why is meristematic tissue crucial for plant growth?

    Meristematic tissue is crucial for plant growth because it is involved in cell division. These undifferentiated cells continuously divide, allowing plants to grow in length (primary growth) and girth (secondary growth), and to produce new organs and tissues.

15. Card 15

    How does the organization of multicellular living things progress from cells to an organism?

    Multicellular living things are organized in a hierarchical manner: Cells group together to form Tissues, which then combine to form Organs. Organs work together in Organ Systems, and all organ systems collectively make up an entire Organism.

16. Card 16

    Describe the function of connective tissue in animals and give an example of a specific type.

    Connective tissue in animals primarily joins and supports body structures. It consists of cells dispersed in a matrix that surrounds and supports body parts. An example is cartilage, found in joints, which provides support and reduces friction.

17. Card 17

    What are the three types of muscle tissue found in animals, and how do they differ in terms of control?

    The three types of muscle tissue are cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle, and smooth muscle. Cardiac and smooth muscles are involved in involuntary movements, meaning they contract without conscious control, while skeletal muscle is responsible for voluntary movements.

18. Card 18

    How can tissue culture be applied in the field of medicine for skin grafts?

    In medicine, tissue culture can be applied for skin grafts by growing a piece of skin (an epidermal strip) outside the body. This cultured skin can then be used to replace damaged skin, for example, in burn victims, aiding in recovery and reducing scarring.

19. Card 19

    Identify two organs found in plants and briefly state their functions.

    Two organs found in plants are leaves and roots. Leaves are primarily responsible for photosynthesis, converting light energy into chemical energy. Roots anchor the plant and absorb water and minerals from the soil.

20. Card 20

    Why is a sterile environment essential for tissue culture?

    A sterile environment is essential for tissue culture to prevent contamination by microorganisms such as bacteria or fungi. Contaminants would compete with the cultured cells for nutrients, produce toxic byproducts, and ultimately lead to the failure of the culture.

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