Aims: flashcards

All 12 cards

1. Card 1

   What are the three main areas of pharmacological management for cardiovascular disease that this material aims to cover?

   The material aims to cover lipid modification, hypertension, and ischaemic heart disease as the main areas of pharmacological management for cardiovascular disease.

2. Card 2

   Identify two key facts about the prevalence and impact of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in the UK.

   CVD accounts for one quarter (26%) of all deaths in the UK. Additionally, coronary heart disease (CHD) is the number one cause of death for men in the UK, with someone dying from CHD every 8 minutes.

3. Card 3

   Explain the primary mechanism by which statins, such as atorvastatin, reduce cholesterol levels in the body.

   Statins primarily inhibit the enzyme HMG-CoA reductase, which is crucial for cholesterol production in the liver. By blocking this enzyme, statins reduce the synthesis of cholesterol and LDL (low-density lipoproteins).

4. Card 4

   Describe the specific conditions under which atorvastatin 20 mg should be offered for the primary prevention of CVD, according to NICE 2023 guidelines.

   Atorvastatin 20 mg should be offered for the primary prevention of CVD to people who have a 10-year QRISK3 score of 10% or more, following clinical assessment and patient discussion.

5. Card 5

   What is the mechanism of action for Ezetimibe in lowering cholesterol, and when is it typically used?

   Ezetimibe inhibits the intestinal absorption of cholesterol by blocking the NPC1L1 protein in the small intestine. It is used as an adjunct to diet and statin treatment, or when statins are inappropriate or not tolerated.

6. Card 6

   How does Inclisiran work to lower LDL-cholesterol levels, and what is its administration frequency?

   Inclisiran works by gene silencing; it is a small interfering RNA that limits the production of PCSK9. This action increases the uptake of LDL-cholesterol, thereby lowering its levels in the blood. It is administered as a twice-yearly injection.

7. Card 7

   Explain the relationship between blood pressure, cardiac output, and peripheral resistance.

   Blood pressure (BP) is determined by the product of cardiac output (CO) and peripheral resistance (PR). Cardiac output itself is the product of heart rate (HR) and stroke volume (SV), meaning BP = (HR x SV) x PR.

8. Card 8

   What are the key differences between primary and secondary hypertension in terms of their causes?

   Primary hypertension, accounting for 90% of cases, is caused by factors such as obesity, smoking, and stress, leading to increased sympathetic nervous system activity. Secondary hypertension, less than 10% of cases, is caused by underlying conditions like heart disease, renal disease, adrenal tumors, or medication effects.

9. Card 9

   Which of the following drugs works by blocking the production of angiotensin II, leading to vasodilation and diuresis?

   • A. Calcium channel blockers
   • B. ACE inhibitors (correct)
   • C. Beta blockers
   • D. Diuretics

10. Card 10

    Describe the mechanism by which nitrates, such as glyceryl trinitrate (GTN), alleviate angina pain.

    Nitrates increase venous capacitance and dilate coronary blood vessels, which improves oxygen supply to the heart muscle. They also dilate peripheral arteries, reducing the workload on the heart, and are most effective when taken as soon as pain occurs.

11. Card 11

    What is the primary cause of Type 1 myocardial infarction?

    Type 1 myocardial infarction is primarily caused by an atherosclerotic plaque inside an artery rupturing, leading to the formation of a blood clot that blocks the artery. This blockage then results in a lack of blood flow to the heart muscle and subsequent cell death.

12. Card 12

    Which of the following is NOT a recommended dietary modification for a cardio-protective diet?

    • A. Eating at least 5 portions of fruit and vegetables a day
    • B. Reducing intake of sugar and refined sugars (correct)
    • C. Choosing wholegrain varieties of starchy food
    • D. Eating at least 2 portions of fish a week, including oily fish

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