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Constitucional II flashcards
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Card 1
How did the Curia de León of 1188 expand upon the rights established in the Fuero de León of 1017?
The Curia de León of 1188 expanded the rights from the Fuero de León of 1017 by establishing a system of judicial guarantees ensuring security, personal liberty and integrity, rights to private property, commerce, and women's right to inheritance, as well as the peace of the home. It also introduced limitations on the King's power regarding war, peace, and economic impositions, requiring a Curia Regia for such decisions.
Card 2
What were the key principles proclaimed by the Decree of Constitution of the General and Extraordinary Cortes on September 24, 1810?
The Decree proclaimed that the Cortes represented the Nation, where sovereignty resided; recognized Fernando VII as the legitimate King; declared the existence of three distinct powers (legislative, executive, judicial); and recognized the inviolability of deputies. These principles underpinned the new liberal political system.
Card 3
Which historical Spanish Constitutions adopted a unicameral parliamentary model, differing from the bicameral tradition?
The historical Spanish Constitutions of 1812 and 1931 adopted a unicameral parliamentary model. This contrasts with the general bicameral character of Spanish constitutionalism, including the Cortes foreseen in the Law for Political Reform and the 1978 Constitution.
Card 4
Define 'Derecho electoral' (Electoral Law) according to the provided notes.
Electoral Law is defined as the set of legal norms that regulate the election of representative bodies and, therefore, affect the right to vote. It encompasses the legal framework governing electoral processes.
Card 5
What is the 'sistema electoral' (electoral system), and why is it considered essential for democracy?
The electoral system is a technical mechanism through which citizens express their political preferences via voting, transforming these votes into seats. It is essential for democracy because its regulation determines the existence of authentic democracy by making the political representation of citizens effective.
Card 6
Which article of the Spanish Constitution (CE) defines the Cortes Generales and their composition?
Article 66.1 CE defines the Cortes Generales. It states that they are the constitutional organ of the State directly representative of popular will and are formed by the Congress of Deputies and the Senate.
Card 7
Why is the Spanish Parliament described as a 'bicameral imperfecto o asimétrico' (imperfect or asymmetrical bicameral system)?
It is asymmetrical because the Congress of Deputies (Cámara Baja) assumes a greater number of competencies than the Senate (Cámara Alta). Furthermore, the will of the Congress usually prevails over that of the Senate when both Chambers participate jointly in the same function.
Card 8
What is the role of the Diputación Permanente in the Cortes Generales?
The Diputación Permanente exercises the functions of the Cortes Generales during parliamentary recess periods and in cases of dissolution of the Cortes. There is a Permanent Deputation in each of the two Chambers.
Card 9
According to the notes, what are the two main aspects or vertientes of the right to vote?
The two main aspects are the right to active suffrage, which is the capacity to be an elector and cast a vote, and the right to passive suffrage, which is the capacity to be a candidate and present one's own candidacy in an electoral process.
Card 10
How does the Spanish Constitution of 1978 characterize the right to suffrage?
The Spanish Constitution of 1978 recognizes universal active and passive suffrage in Article 23 CE, defining it as free, equal, and secret. It is also direct for all elections, except for provincial ones, and is further characterized as personal and singular by the Electoral Law.
Card 11
Why are the Cortes Generales considered an 'órgano deliberante y colegislador'?
They are considered such because state laws must be approved by both Chambers, with the preeminence of the Congress of Deputies (as per Article 90 CE). This process involves deliberation and joint legislative activity between the two chambers.
Card 12
Explain the concept of 'sufragio' (suffrage) as both a 'derecho' (right) and a 'función' (function).
As a 'derecho', suffrage is a subjective right of participation allowing citizens to express public opinion and participate in public affairs, especially in forming state organs. As a 'función', citizens fulfill a state function through the 'cuerpo electoral', contributing to the composition and legitimacy of representative bodies.
Card 13
What is the significance of the Constitution of 1812 for Europe and Latin America?
The Constitution of 1812 marked the beginning of the liberal constitutional model of the 19th century, not only for Spain but also for many countries in Europe and Latin America. It served as an influential blueprint for constitutionalism in these regions.
Card 14
Which specific rights, despite not being systematized, were disseminated in the articles of the Constitution of 1812?
The Constitution of 1812 included rights such as personal liberty, the right to integrity, the right of property, and freedom of the press. However, it notably did not recognize religious freedom.
Card 15
How does the direct representation of the Cortes Generales influence other constitutional organs of the State?
As the maximum representative organ with direct popular will, the Cortes Generales allow other constitutional organs, such as the President of the Government, the Government, the Constitutional Tribunal, and the General Council of the Judiciary, to also acquire a representative character through their connection to the Cortes.
Card 16
What is the primary difference in competencies between the Congress of Deputies and the Senate in the Spanish bicameral system?
The primary difference is that the Congress of Deputies assumes a greater number of competencies than the Senate. Additionally, the will of the Congress typically prevails over that of the Senate when both chambers participate jointly in a function, highlighting the asymmetry.
Card 17
When did the 'Cortes generales y extraordinarias' change their venue from the Teatro Cómico to the Oratorio de San Felipe Neri in Cádiz, and what significant event occurred there?
They changed venue on February 24, 1811. In the Oratorio de San Felipe Neri, on March 19, 1812, they promulgated the Constitution of 1812, which initiated the liberal constitutional model.
Card 18
What are the fundamental notes of the Cortes Generales regulated in the Spanish Constitution?
Their fundamental notes are primarily regulated in Title III of the CE, though also in Title V, and parliamentary functions are disseminated throughout the constitutional text. These notes define their nature, composition, and powers.
Card 19
What is the significance of the 'Decreta de 1188' being called 'La Carta Magna Leonesa'?
It is called 'La Carta Magna Leonesa' because these Decreta, dictated in the first 'Asamblea o Cortes,' established limitations on the King's exercise of power, particularly regarding war, peace, and economic impositions, requiring the convocation of the Curia Regia. This parallels the limitations on royal power found in the English Magna Carta.
Card 20
Define el concepto de 'sistema electoral' según los apuntes proporcionados.
El sistema electoral es el mecanismo técnico a través del cual los ciudadanos manifiestan sus preferencias políticas mediante el voto, y estos votos se transforman en escaños. Es fundamental para la representación política efectiva del ciudadano y constituye un elemento esencial del sistema democrático.
Card 21
Explica las dos vertientes del derecho de sufragio.
El derecho de sufragio tiene una vertiente activa y una pasiva. El sufragio activo se refiere a la capacidad para ser elector y emitir el voto. El sufragio pasivo, por otro lado, alude a la capacidad para ser candidato y presentarse en un proceso electoral.
Card 22
¿Cómo se ha configurado el concepto de 'cuerpo electoral' y qué papel juega en el Estado?
El 'cuerpo electoral' se configura como un 'órgano del pueblo' y un 'órgano del Estado', cuyo elemento determinante es la inscripción censal. Es el órgano constitucional originario del Estado a través del cual se expresa la voluntad popular y se eligen los representantes, según Álvarez Conde.
Card 23
Según la Constitución española de 1978, ¿cuáles son las características del sufragio que reconoce?
La Constitución española de 1978 reconoce el sufragio universal activo y pasivo, definiéndolo como libre, igual y secreto. Además, es directo para todas las elecciones, salvo las provinciales, y la Ley Electoral añade las características de personal y singular.
Card 24
¿Cuándo se reconoció por primera vez el sufragio femenino en España y por qué el sufragio universal masculino anterior se considera 'semiuniversal'?
El reconocimiento por primera vez del sufragio femenino en España tuvo lugar con la Constitución de 1931. El sufragio universal masculino reconocido en constituciones anteriores (como las de 1812 y 1869) se considera 'semiuniversal' porque excluía a las mujeres del derecho al voto.
Card 25
¿Qué medidas se han establecido en España para promover la paridad en las candidaturas electorales plurinominales, especialmente en relación con el sufragio pasivo de la mujer?
Se han introducido criterios de paridad en las listas electorales, estableciendo la obligatoriedad de que las candidaturas tengan una composición equilibrada entre mujeres y hombres. Esto significa que los candidatos de cada sexo deben suponer como mínimo el cuarenta por ciento y como máximo el sesenta por ciento del total de la lista.
Card 26
¿Qué es el censo electoral y cuál es su importancia para el ejercicio del derecho de voto?
El censo electoral es la relación de electores de cada circunscripción que tienen reconocido el derecho de sufragio. Es indispensable estar inscrito en él para poder ejercer el derecho de voto, y su confección está provista de garantías para el efectivo ejercicio de este derecho.
Card 27
¿Cuál es la edad electoral más usual en la actualidad para el ejercicio del sufragio activo y pasivo?
La edad electoral más usual en la actualidad es de dieciocho años, tanto para el ejercicio del sufragio activo como para el pasivo, y se reconoce esta misma edad para todos.
Card 28
En el contexto de las elecciones, ¿cuál es el requisito de nacionalidad para las elecciones al Congreso de los Diputados y al Senado, y qué excepción existe?
Para las elecciones al Congreso de los Diputados y al Senado se exige la nacionalidad española. Sin embargo, se permite el derecho de sufragio de los extranjeros en las elecciones municipales, de acuerdo con el artículo 13.2 de la Constitución española.
Card 29
Según los apuntes, ¿cuáles son las tres fases del procedimiento legislativo?
Las tres fases del procedimiento legislativo son: la 1ª Iniciativa o introductoria (presentación de propuestas legislativas); la 2ª constitutiva (tramitación parlamentaria); y la 3ª integradora de su eficacia (sanción, promulgación y publicación).
Card 30
¿Qué artículos de la Constitución Española y de los Reglamentos parlamentarios regulan el procedimiento legislativo?
El procedimiento legislativo está regulado en los artículos 87-91 de la Constitución Española y en los Reglamentos parlamentarios, específicamente en los artículos 108-129 del RCD (Reglamento del Congreso de los Diputados) y 104-128 del RS (Reglamento del Senado).
Card 31
En la fase de iniciativa legislativa, ¿cuáles son las cuatro vías principales para presentar propuestas de ley?
Las cuatro vías principales son: la iniciativa gubernamental (proyectos de ley del Gobierno), la iniciativa parlamentaria (proposiciones de ley del Congreso o Senado), la iniciativa autonómica (solicitud al Gobierno o presentación de proposición de ley) y la iniciativa legislativa popular (con 500.000 firmas).
Card 32
¿Qué requisitos y exclusiones tiene la iniciativa legislativa popular?
La iniciativa legislativa popular requiere 500.000 firmas y está excluida en materias de Ley Orgánica, tributarias, de carácter internacional y prerrogativa de gracia.
Card 33
Durante la fase constitutiva de tramitación parlamentaria, ¿qué puede hacer el Senado si recibe un texto aprobado por el Congreso de los Diputados?
El Senado puede enmendar o vetar el texto. Si lo hace, el texto vuelve al Congreso de los Diputados, que puede aprobar o rechazar las enmiendas por mayoría simple o levantar el veto por mayoría absoluta (o simple transcurridos dos meses).
Card 34
Explica brevemente la diferencia entre la sanción y la promulgación de una ley en la fase integradora de su eficacia.
La sanción es la firma del Rey sin posibilidad de veto, mientras que la promulgación es el mandato de cumplimiento de la ley por parte del Rey. Ambas son pasos previos a la publicación en el BOE para que la ley adquiera plena eficacia.
Card 35
¿Cuál de los siguientes no es un elemento esencial del sistema electoral y, por ende, de las democracias, según los apuntes?
A) El derecho de sufragio B) El censo electoral C) El sistema de partidos D) La fórmula de escrutinio. El correcto es C) El sistema de partidos. Los apuntes mencionan el derecho de sufragio, el censo electoral y la fórmula de escrutinio como elementos esenciales, pero no el sistema de partidos.
Card 36
¿Qué tipo de sufragio fue predominante en las constituciones decimonónicas antes de la configuración del sufragio universal en el siglo XX?
A) Sufragio restringido B) Sufragio censitario C) Sufragio masculino D) Sufragio indirecto. El correcto es B) Sufragio censitario. Los apuntes indican que en épocas pasadas fue el sufragio censitario el que tuvo mayor plasmación en las constituciones decimonónicas.
Card 37
¿Cuál es la proporción mínima de mujeres y hombres requerida en las candidaturas plurinominales para las elecciones al Congreso, municipales, Parlamento Europeo y Asambleas Legislativas de las CCAA?
A) 30% B) 40% C) 50% D) 60%. El correcto es B) 40%. Los apuntes establecen que los candidatos de cada uno de los sexos supongan como mínimo el cuarenta por ciento y como máximo el sesenta por ciento.
Card 38
¿En qué tipo de elecciones se permite el derecho de sufragio a los extranjeros en España, según la Constitución española?
A) Elecciones generales B) Elecciones autonómicas C) Elecciones municipales D) Elecciones al Parlamento Europeo. El correcto es C) Elecciones municipales. El texto menciona que se permite el derecho de sufragio de los extranjeros en las elecciones municipales, conforme al artículo 13.2 de la Constitución.
Card 39
¿Cuál de las siguientes materias está excluida de la iniciativa legislativa popular?
A) Materias de Ley Ordinaria B) Materias de carácter internacional C) Materias de regulación local D) Materias de derechos fundamentales. El correcto es B) Materias de carácter internacional. La iniciativa legislativa popular está excluida en materias de LO, tributarias, de carácter internacional y prerrogativa de gracia.
Card 40
Desde un punto de vista jurídico, ¿cómo puede ser concebido el sufragio?
Desde un punto de vista jurídico, el sufragio puede ser concebido como un derecho, como una función, como un derecho a ejercer una función como órgano del Estado y, en algunos ordenamientos, incluso como un deber cuyo incumplimiento conlleva sanción.
Card 41
¿Por qué se considera que el sistema electoral y su regulación son determinantes para la existencia de una auténtica democracia?
El sistema electoral es el mecanismo técnico que hace efectiva la representación política del ciudadano. Su regulación es crucial porque define cómo se transforman los votos en escaños y cómo se garantiza la participación ciudadana, siendo un elemento esencial para la configuración de una democracia auténtica.
Card 42
¿Cómo se garantiza la fiabilidad del censo electoral y qué derechos tienen los ciudadanos al respecto?
La confección del censo electoral está provista de garantías para el efectivo ejercicio del derecho de voto. Se somete a revisiones periódicas y se publica con antelación, abriéndose un plazo para que los ciudadanos-electores puedan subsanar errores o modificar datos con la justificación pertinente, además de poder interponer recursos.
Card 43
¿Cuál es la función principal de las Cortes Generales en relación con el Gobierno, según el artículo 66.2 de la CE?
Según el artículo 66.2 de la CE, la función principal de las Cortes Generales en relación con el Gobierno es controlar su acción. Este control político se ejerce en toda la actividad del Gobierno.
Card 44
Explica la función presupuestaria de los Parlamentos y sus especialidades de procedimiento.
La función presupuestaria implica la aprobación de la Ley de Presupuestos, un documento contable de gran significado político. Sus especialidades incluyen la prioridad en su tramitación, el monopolio gubernamental de la iniciativa, y la necesidad de conformidad del Gobierno para tramitar proposiciones de ley y enmiendas con consecuencias presupuestarias.
Card 45
What are the three main phases of the ordinary legislative procedure in Spain, as outlined in the provided text?
The three main phases are: 1) the initiative or introductory phase, which involves the presentation of legislative proposals; 2) the constitutive phase, which covers the parliamentary processing; and 3) the integrative phase of its efficacy, which includes sanction, promulgation, and publication.
Card 46
Which of the following bodies CANNOT initiate legislation under the ordinary legislative procedure according to the provided notes?
C) The Judicial Power. The text explicitly lists governmental, parliamentary, autonomic, and popular legislative initiative, but not the Judicial Power.
Card 47
Explain the 'parlamentarismo racionalizado' in the context of political control functions.
Rationalized parliamentarism aims to balance the principle of governmental stability with the essential principle of political control over the Government. This framework ensures that while the government can effectively govern, it remains accountable to the Parliament, which is crucial for democracy and political participation.
Card 48
What is the key difference between 'control-fiscalización' (ordinary control) and 'control-responsabilidad' (extraordinary control) as functions of the Cortes Generales?
Control-fiscalización is ordinary control that does not necessarily lead to immediate sanctions or the cessation of the Government, focusing on oversight and information gathering. Control-responsabilidad, on the other hand, is extraordinary control that carries a legal-political sanction and can result in the Government's dismissal.
Card 49
According to the text, what are the two possibilities for Autonomous Communities' legislative assemblies to exercise legislative initiative?
Autonomous Communities' legislative assemblies have two options: first, they can request the Government to adopt a bill; second, they can present a bill proposal to the Mesa of the Congress of Deputies and delegate three members of their assembly for its presentation.
Card 50
Define the 'iniciativa legislativa popular' and state its main limitations.
Popular legislative initiative allows citizens to propose laws with 500,000 signatures. However, it is excluded in matters concerning Organic Laws, tax issues, international affairs, and the prerogative of grace.
Card 51
How does the Senate's role in the constitutive phase of parliamentary processing differ from that of the Congress of Deputies, particularly regarding amendments and vetoes?
The Senate follows an identical procedure to the Congress but has the power to amend or veto the text. If it does, the bill returns to the Congress of Deputies, which can then approve or reject the amendments by a simple majority, or lift the veto by an absolute majority (or simple majority after two months).
Card 52
What is the purpose of the 'fase integradora de su eficacia' in the ordinary legislative procedure?
This phase ensures the legal effectiveness of the approved law. It involves the King's sanction (signing without veto power), promulgation (mandating compliance), and subsequent publication in the Official State Gazette (BOE), making the law binding.
Card 53
Which of the following is NOT an instrument of 'control-fiscalización' (ordinary control)?
D) Motion of censure. The motion of censure is an instrument of 'control-responsabilidad' because it can lead to the dismissal of the Government.
Card 54
Explain the 'monopolio gubernamental de la iniciativa' in the context of the budgetary function.
The 'monopolio gubernamental de la iniciativa' means that only the Government can initiate the Law of Budgets. This exclusivity highlights the Government's central role in economic policy, though Parliament retains control over its approval and potential modifications under specific conditions.
Card 55
What are the 'principios de anualidad y totalidad' concerning the Law of Budgets?
The principles of annuality and totality mean that the budget must be presented annually and cover all public revenues and expenditures for that year. It is presented three months before December 31st, and if not approved, it is prorogued.
Card 56
What is the main objective of a 'moción de censura' and what makes it 'constructivo'?
The main objective of a motion of censure is to replace the President of the Government with an alternative candidate. It is considered 'constructivo' because it must include a proposed alternative candidate, ensuring governmental stability by immediately offering a replacement if the motion succeeds.
Card 57
What is the minimum number of deputies required to present a motion of censure, and what is its purpose?
A motion of censure must be presented by at least 1/10th of the Deputies. This requirement aims to prevent purely symbolic or 'testimonial' motions, ensuring that only proposals with significant parliamentary backing are considered.
Card 58
Under what conditions can the Congress of Deputies lift a veto imposed by the Senate on a legislative text?
The Congress of Deputies can lift a veto imposed by the Senate by an absolute majority. If two months have passed since the veto, a simple majority is sufficient to lift it.
Card 59
What happens if a motion of censure fails in the Congress of Deputies?
If a motion of censure fails, its signatories are prohibited from presenting another motion during the same parliamentary session. This rule discourages repeated attempts and promotes governmental stability.
Card 60
What is the significance of the 'relación de confianza Parlamento/Gobierno' in the Spanish parliamentary system?
This relationship of trust is fundamental to the democratic parliamentary system. It means that the Government's legitimacy and ability to govern depend on the confidence placed in it by the Parliament, particularly the Congress of Deputies, which is established during the investiture process.
Card 61
Which of the following is a competence of authorization for the Cortes Generales?
B) Declaring war and signing peace by the King. The text lists this as a competence of authorization, requiring prior parliamentary approval.
Card 62
How does a 'cuestión de confianza' (question of confidence) differ from a 'moción de censura' (motion of censure) in terms of who initiates it and its primary objective?
A 'cuestión de confianza' is initiated by the President of the Government to seek renewed parliamentary support for their political program or a general policy statement. A 'moción de censura', conversely, is initiated by the Congress of Deputies with the explicit aim of replacing the President of the Government with an alternative candidate.
Card 63
What is the required majority for a 'cuestión de confianza' to be granted by the Congress of Deputies?
The confidence is granted by a simple majority of the Deputies. This reflects the principle of rationalized parliamentarism, making it somewhat easier for the government to secure support compared to the stricter requirements for a motion of censure.
Card 64
Explain the role of 'Comisiones de investigación' (Investigation Commissions) as an instrument of political control.
Investigation Commissions, regulated by Article 76 CE and LO 5/1984, are formed by the Cortes Generales to investigate any matter of public interest. They elaborate a report that can be transferred to the Public Prosecutor's Office, serving as a powerful tool for oversight and accountability.
Card 65
What happens if the 'cuestión de confianza' is not granted by the Congress of Deputies?
If confidence is not granted by the Chamber, the Government must present its resignation to the King. Subsequently, the process for a new investiture (Article 99 CE) will be activated to form a new government.
Card 66
Which of the following is NOT a special legislative procedure mentioned in the text?
C) Procedure for constitutional reform. The text lists procedures for organic laws, laws of commission, approval of decree-laws, single reading, and urgency, but not constitutional reform.
Card 67
What are 'Mociones de reprobación a Ministros' and what are their legal effects?
Motions of reprobation to Ministers are expressions of parliamentary disapproval of a minister's management, typically following an interpellation. While they signify political rejection, they have no direct legal effects, meaning ministers are not legally obliged to resign (Article 108 CE).
Card 68
How do the Cortes Generales exercise their function of 'integración de otros órganos'?
The Cortes Generales fulfill this function by designating the holders of various other state bodies. Examples include appointing 8 magistrates of the Constitutional Court, 20 members of the General Council of the Judiciary, the Ombudsman, and members of the Central Electoral Board, among others.
Card 69
What is the historical significance of the economic functions of Parliaments?
Historically, the economic functions were among the first exercised by Parliaments. These primarily involved consenting to taxes and approving expenditures, establishing a foundational role in controlling the state's finances.
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