INGLES flashcards

All 26 cards

1. Card 1

   What is the primary function of a genome? A) To store energy for the cell. B) To provide structural support to the cell. C) To carry all the genetic information of an organism. D) To regulate protein synthesis outside the nucleus.

   C) To carry all the genetic information of an organism. The genome contains all the hereditary information of an organism, encoded in DNA (or RNA in some viruses).

2. Card 2

   Which of the following best describes the location of a genome within a eukaryotic cell? A) Exclusively in the cytoplasm. B) Primarily in the nucleus, with some in mitochondria and chloroplasts. C) Only on the cell membrane. D) Distributed randomly throughout the cell.

   B) Primarily in the nucleus, with some in mitochondria and chloroplasts. In eukaryotic cells, the main genome is found in the nucleus, but mitochondria and chloroplasts also have their own small genomes.

3. Card 3

   What type of molecule typically constitutes the genome in most organisms? A) Protein. B) Lipid. C) DNA. D) Carbohydrate.

   C) DNA. The genome in most organisms is made up of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), which carries the genetic instructions for development, functioning, growth, and reproduction.

4. Card 4

   In which cellular structure is the main genome of a prokaryotic cell found? A) Nucleus. B) Mitochondria. C) Cytoplasm (nucleoid region). D) Endoplasmic Reticulum.

   C) Cytoplasm (nucleoid region). Prokaryotic cells lack a membrane-bound nucleus, so their genome is typically located in a specific region of the cytoplasm called the nucleoid.

5. Card 5

   What is the term for a complete set of chromosomes in a cell? A) Proteome. B) Metabolome. C) Genome. D) Transcriptome.

   C) Genome. The genome refers to the complete set of genetic material present in an organism or cell.

6. Card 6

   Which of the following is NOT a component of a typical DNA molecule found in a genome? A) Deoxyribose sugar. B) Phosphate group. C) Uracil base. D) Guanine base.

   C) Uracil base. Uracil is a nitrogenous base found in RNA, replacing thymine which is found in DNA.

7. Card 7

   What is the primary role of genes within the genome? A) To provide structural support to the cell. B) To store excess nutrients. C) To encode for proteins or functional RNA molecules. D) To facilitate cell division.

   C) To encode for proteins or functional RNA molecules. Genes are specific sequences within the genome that carry the instructions for building and maintaining an organism.

8. Card 8

   Which of the following organisms typically has the smallest genome? A) Human. B) Bacteria. C) Plant. D) Fungus.

   B) Bacteria. Bacteria generally have much smaller and simpler genomes compared to multicellular eukaryotes like humans, plants, or fungi.

9. Card 9

   What does the 'G' in DNA stand for? A) Glucose. B) Guanine. C) Genome. D) Glycine.

   B) Guanine. Guanine is one of the four nitrogenous bases found in DNA, along with adenine, cytosine, and thymine.

10. Card 10

    Which of these is a characteristic of a viral genome? A) Always double-stranded DNA. B) Can be DNA or RNA, single or double-stranded. C) Always located in the nucleus. D) Exclusively composed of proteins.

    B) Can be DNA or RNA, single or double-stranded. Viral genomes exhibit great diversity, being composed of either DNA or RNA, which can be single-stranded or double-stranded.

11. Card 11

    What is the process by which a cell makes an RNA copy of a gene's DNA sequence? A) Replication. B) Translation. C) Transcription. D) Mutation.

    C) Transcription. Transcription is the first step of gene expression, where information from a gene is used to construct a functional RNA molecule.

12. Card 12

    Which term describes the entire collection of proteins that can be produced by an organism? A) Genome. B) Transcriptome. C) Proteome. D) Metabolome.

    C) Proteome. The proteome is the entire set of proteins expressed by a genome, cell, tissue, or organism at a certain time.

13. Card 13

    What is the name of the sugar found in DNA? A) Ribose. B) Glucose. C) Deoxyribose. D) Fructose.

    C) Deoxyribose. Deoxyribose is a five-carbon sugar that is a component of the DNA backbone.

14. Card 14

    Which base pairs with Adenine (A) in a DNA molecule? A) Guanine (G). B) Cytosine (C). C) Thymine (T). D) Uracil (U).

    C) Thymine (T). In DNA, adenine (A) always pairs with thymine (T) via two hydrogen bonds.

15. Card 15

    What is the primary function of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) in a cell? A) Carrying genetic information from DNA to ribosomes. B) Transporting amino acids to the ribosome. C) Forming the structural and catalytic core of ribosomes. D) Regulating gene expression.

    C) Forming the structural and catalytic core of ribosomes. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) combines with proteins to form ribosomes, the sites of protein synthesis.

16. Card 16

    Which of the following is a key difference between DNA and RNA? A) DNA is single-stranded, RNA is double-stranded. B) DNA contains uracil, RNA contains thymine. C) DNA contains deoxyribose sugar, RNA contains ribose sugar. D) DNA is found only in the nucleus, RNA only in the cytoplasm.

    C) DNA contains deoxyribose sugar, RNA contains ribose sugar. This is a fundamental structural difference between the two nucleic acids.

17. Card 17

    What is a segment of DNA that codes for a specific protein or functional RNA molecule called? A) Chromosome. B) Nucleotide. C) Gene. D) Plasmid.

    C) Gene. A gene is the basic physical and functional unit of heredity, consisting of a specific sequence of DNA.

18. Card 18

    Which of these is an example of a non-coding region within a eukaryotic genome? A) Exon. B) Intron. C) mRNA. D) tRNA.

    B) Intron. Introns are non-coding sequences of DNA that are removed from the pre-mRNA during RNA processing, while exons are coding regions.

19. Card 19

    What is the process of copying the entire genome of an organism called? A) Transcription. B) Translation. C) DNA Replication. D) Gene expression.

    C) DNA Replication. DNA replication is the biological process of producing two identical replicas of DNA from one original DNA molecule, essential for cell division.

20. Card 20

    Which of the following is a characteristic of mitochondrial DNA? A) It is linear. B) It is typically inherited from both parents. C) It is circular. D) It is identical to nuclear DNA.

    C) It is circular. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in most eukaryotes is a circular molecule, distinct from the linear nuclear DNA.

21. Card 21

    What is the primary role of messenger RNA (mRNA)? A) To transport amino acids to the ribosome. B) To form the structure of the ribosome. C) To carry genetic information from DNA to the ribosome for protein synthesis. D) To regulate DNA replication.

    C) To carry genetic information from DNA to the ribosome for protein synthesis. mRNA acts as an intermediary, carrying the instructions from the DNA in the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm.

22. Card 22

    Which of the following best describes the term 'genomics'? A) The study of individual genes. B) The study of the entire set of genes, their interactions, and functions. C) The study of proteins. D) The study of metabolic pathways.

    B) The study of the entire set of genes, their interactions, and functions. Genomics is a broader field than genetics, focusing on the entire genome rather than single genes.

23. Card 23

    What is the main purpose of a 'start codon' in an mRNA sequence? A) To signal the end of protein synthesis. B) To initiate the process of DNA replication. C) To specify the first amino acid in a protein and begin translation. D) To mark the beginning of an intron.

    C) To specify the first amino acid in a protein and begin translation. The start codon (AUG) signals the ribosome to begin synthesizing the protein at that point.

24. Card 24

    Which of the following is a characteristic of eukaryotic genomes that is generally not found in prokaryotic genomes? A) Presence of a single circular chromosome. B) Absence of introns. C) Presence of multiple linear chromosomes. D) Lack of histones.

    C) Presence of multiple linear chromosomes. Eukaryotic genomes are typically organized into several linear chromosomes, unlike the single circular chromosome found in most prokaryotes.

25. Card 25

    What is the term for a change in the DNA sequence of a genome? A) Replication. B) Transcription. C) Translation. D) Mutation.

    D) Mutation. A mutation is a permanent alteration of the nucleotide sequence of the genome of an organism, virus, or extrachromosomal DNA or RNA.

26. Card 26

    What kind of activity is described in the context of 'the pig photo factory'?

    The source material describes 'the pig photo factory' as an activity related to pigs and photos, implying a process where images of pigs are produced or processed. The specific nature of the activity is not detailed beyond this association.

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