LFS152 flashcards

All 50 cards

1. Card 1

   Define the term 'hypothesis' within the context of the scientific method and explain its key characteristics.

   A hypothesis is a possible explanation for a natural event. It is formulated through inductive reasoning, must be testable, and is suitable for scientific investigation, ultimately determining the study's aims and becoming its central theme.

2. Card 2

   How does inductive reasoning contribute to the formation of a hypothesis in the scientific method?

   Inductive reasoning involves making broad generalizations from specific observations. In the scientific method, observations of natural phenomena lead to the development of a testable hypothesis, which is a general explanation derived from those specific observations.

3. Card 3

   What is the primary purpose of the 'Experiment/Observations' step in the scientific method, and what type of reasoning is typically employed?

   The primary purpose is to test the hypothesis. This step often employs deductive reasoning, using "if, then" logic to make predictions that can be verified or refuted through experimentation or further observation.

4. Card 4

   Explain the significance of a 'control' in experimental design.

   A control is a crucial part of experimental design because it provides a baseline for comparison. It helps ensure that any observed effects are due to the variable being tested and not to other extraneous factors, thus increasing the reliability of the experiment.

5. Card 5

   Why is it important for an experiment to be repeatable?

   Repeatability is essential for scientific validity. If an experiment can be replicated by other researchers with similar results, it strengthens the confidence in the findings and supports the reliability and objectivity of the scientific conclusion.

6. Card 6

   What role do 'models' play in the process of scientific experimentation?

   Models serve as representations of actual objects or systems that are being studied. They can be physical, conceptual, or mathematical and are used to simplify complex phenomena, allowing scientists to test hypotheses and make predictions more effectively.

7. Card 7

   How does modern technology impact the initial observation phase of the scientific method?

   Modern technology, such as microscopes, significantly enhances the observation phase by allowing scientists to perceive phenomena that are otherwise invisible or imperceptible to the five senses. This expands the scope of what can be observed and subsequently investigated.

8. Card 8

   What is the relationship between analyzing data and forming a conclusion in the scientific method?

   Analyzing data is the direct precursor to forming a conclusion. The patterns, trends, and statistical significance found within the collected data are critically evaluated to determine whether they support or reject the initial hypothesis.

9. Card 9

   Why is science considered 'dynamic' even when an incorrect prediction is made?

   Science is dynamic because even an incorrect prediction provides valuable information. It helps refine understanding, leads to new hypotheses, and guides further investigation, demonstrating that scientific knowledge is continuously evolving and self-correcting.

10. Card 10

    Distinguish between inductive and deductive reasoning as they apply to different steps of the scientific method.

    Inductive reasoning is used in Step 2 (Hypothesis) to form a general explanation from specific observations. Deductive reasoning is used in Step 3 (Experiment/Observations) to make specific predictions from a general hypothesis using "if, then" logic.

11. Card 11

    Which step of the scientific method involves becoming familiar with surroundings and using the five senses?

    C) Observations. The first step of the scientific method, Observations, involves becoming familiar with surroundings and utilizing the five senses to gather initial information about natural phenomena.

12. Card 12

    What is the ultimate goal of the scientific method, beyond just forming a conclusion?

    The ultimate goal is the development of a Scientific Theory. A theory is a well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world, based on a body of facts that have been repeatedly confirmed through observation and experiment.

13. Card 13

    Why is reading relative literature an important part of the 'Experiments/Further Observations' step?

    Reading relative literature is crucial because it helps scientists understand previous research, avoid duplicating efforts, identify existing methodologies, and build upon established knowledge. This ensures the study is well-informed and contributes meaningfully to the field.

14. Card 14

    When a hypothesis is rejected, what does this imply for the scientific investigation?

    When a hypothesis is rejected, it means the collected data did not support the proposed explanation. This outcome is still valuable as it provides new information, often leading to the formulation of revised hypotheses and further investigation, demonstrating the dynamic nature of science.

15. Card 15

    What does the phrase 'suited to the process of Science' mean in relation to a hypothesis?

    It means the hypothesis must be framed in a way that allows it to be empirically tested through observation and experimentation. It should address natural phenomena and be falsifiable, meaning there must be a potential way to prove it wrong.

16. Card 16

    Which of the following best describes the nature of a scientific theory?

    C) A well-substantiated explanation supported by extensive evidence. A scientific theory is the culmination of the scientific method, representing a comprehensive explanation that has been repeatedly confirmed and supported by a vast body of evidence.

17. Card 17

    How do 'statistical studies' enhance the reliability of scientific investigations?

    Statistical studies enhance reliability by providing methods to analyze and interpret data objectively. They help determine the significance of results, assess the probability of findings occurring by chance, and quantify the strength of evidence, making the study more robust and trustworthy.

18. Card 18

    What is the primary difference between a hypothesis and a scientific theory?

    A hypothesis is a tentative, testable explanation for an observation, formed early in the scientific process. A scientific theory is a broad, well-substantiated explanation for a wide range of phenomena, supported by extensive evidence and repeatedly confirmed through experimentation.

19. Card 19

    In the 'Conclusion' step, what is the direct outcome of analyzing data?

    The direct outcome of analyzing data is the decision to either support or reject the initial hypothesis. This decision is based on whether the evidence gathered during the experiment aligns with the predictions made by the hypothesis.

20. Card 20

    Why is it stated that a hypothesis 'determines the aims of the study'?

    The hypothesis acts as the central question or proposed explanation that the study seeks to investigate. Therefore, all subsequent steps, including experimental design, data collection, and analysis, are specifically structured to test and evaluate that particular hypothesis.

21. Card 21

    Consider a scenario where a scientist observes that a specific plant species grows taller in soil treated with a new fertilizer. What would be a suitable hypothesis for this observation?

    A suitable hypothesis would be: "If the new fertilizer is applied to the specific plant species, then the plants will grow taller compared to those without the fertilizer." This is a testable explanation based on the initial observation.

22. Card 22

    What is the fundamental definition of 'Biology' as presented in the source notes?

    Biology is defined as 'The Scientific Study of Life'. This encompasses all aspects of living organisms, their structures, functions, evolution, and interactions with the environment, investigated through the scientific method.

23. Card 23

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a good hypothesis?

    C) Based on personal opinion. A good hypothesis must be testable, suitable for scientific investigation, and a possible explanation for a natural event, but it should be based on observations and existing knowledge, not merely personal opinion.

24. Card 24

    How does the phrase 'more data = more reliable study' relate to statistical studies?

    This phrase highlights that a larger dataset generally allows for more robust statistical analysis. More data reduces the impact of random variations and increases the power to detect true effects, leading to more statistically significant and reliable conclusions.

25. Card 25

    What is the overall purpose of the 'Scientific Method' as a structured approach?

    The overall purpose of the scientific method is to provide a systematic and objective framework for understanding and explaining natural phenomena. It ensures that explanations are based on empirical evidence, are testable, and can be refined over time, leading to the development of scientific theories.

26. Card 26

    What is the primary characteristic of a scientific theory that distinguishes it from the ordinary use of the word 'theory'?

    A scientific theory represents a well-supported and related set of hypotheses that have been extensively tested and verified through observations and experiments over time, aiming to provide a comprehensive understanding of the natural world. In contrast, the ordinary term 'theory' often implies a mere guess or unproven idea.

27. Card 27

    How does the repeatability of an experimental design contribute to the scientific process?

    Repeatability is crucial because it allows other scientists to independently verify the results of an experiment. If an experiment yields consistent results when repeated by different researchers, it strengthens the credibility and reliability of the findings, making the conclusion more robust.

28. Card 28

    What is the ultimate goal of scientific theory, as described in the source notes?

    The ultimate goal of scientific theory is to achieve a comprehensive understanding of the natural world. It seeks to explain phenomena through a framework of well-supported concepts and hypotheses, providing insights into how the universe operates.

29. Card 29

    In the context of the scientific method, what is the significance of an incorrect prediction?

    An incorrect prediction is not a failure; rather, it still provides valuable information. It helps scientists refine their hypotheses, identify flaws in their experimental design, or discover new variables that need to be considered in future investigations, thus advancing knowledge.

30. Card 30

    A) A scientific theory is a less developed version of a law. B) A scientific law explains 'what' happens, while a theory explains 'how' or 'why'. C) A scientific theory is a collection of unrelated hypotheses, while a law is a single, proven fact. D) A scientific law is always proven true, while a theory is never fully proven.

    B) A scientific law typically describes an observed phenomenon or relationship, often mathematically, stating 'what' happens under certain conditions. A scientific theory, on the other hand, provides a broader, more comprehensive explanation for 'how' or 'why' those phenomena occur, integrating multiple well-supported hypotheses.

31. Card 31

    Why are models considered important in scientific study?

    Models are important because they serve as representative tools of actual objects or systems. They allow scientists to study complex phenomena in a simplified or controlled manner, helping to visualize, understand, and make predictions about the real-world counterparts without directly manipulating them.

32. Card 32

    What role does 'reading relative literature' play in the scientific method?

    Reading relative literature is crucial as it provides background knowledge, informs the formulation of hypotheses, and helps in designing experiments by understanding previous research and avoiding duplication. It ensures that new research builds upon existing scientific understanding.

33. Card 33

    What is the primary function of deductive reasoning in the scientific method?

    Deductive reasoning, often characterized by "if, then" logic, is used to make specific predictions based on a general hypothesis or theory. If the hypothesis is true, then a specific outcome is expected in an experiment or observation, allowing for testing and potential falsification.

34. Card 34

    When analyzing data, what is the immediate goal in relation to the initial hypothesis?

    When analyzing data, the immediate goal is to determine whether the findings support or reject the initial hypothesis. This step is critical for drawing conclusions and deciding if further investigation or modification of the hypothesis is needed.

35. Card 35

    What is the benefit of having 'more data' in statistical studies?

    In statistical studies, more data generally leads to a more reliable study. A larger sample size reduces the impact of random variation and increases the statistical power, making it more likely to detect true effects and draw accurate conclusions about the population.

36. Card 36

    Why is it important for scientific findings to be reported in journals and made available to other scientists?

    Reporting findings in journals makes them available for other scientists to critique and potentially repeat the experiments. This transparency and peer review process are essential for validating results, ensuring repeatability, and building a robust body of scientific knowledge.

37. Card 37

    A) Observations B) Hypothesis C) Experiment/Observations D) Developing a marketing strategy for findings

    D) Developing a marketing strategy for findings is not an explicit step in the scientific method. The scientific method focuses on systematic investigation, hypothesis testing, and reporting, not on commercialization or marketing.

38. Card 38

    What is the purpose of a 'control' in experimental design?

    A control in experimental design serves as a baseline for comparison. It is a group or condition that is not exposed to the independent variable being tested, allowing researchers to isolate the effects of the variable and determine if observed changes are truly due to the experimental manipulation.

39. Card 39

    How does the dynamic nature of science relate to the conclusion phase of the scientific method?

    Science is dynamic, meaning it is constantly evolving. In the conclusion phase, even if a hypothesis is rejected, the information gained contributes to this dynamic process by informing new hypotheses and experiments. This ongoing cycle of inquiry and refinement drives scientific progress.

40. Card 40

    Define 'deductive reasoning' as it applies to the scientific method.

    Deductive reasoning in the scientific method is a logical process that moves from a general statement or hypothesis to specific, testable predictions. It often follows an "if, then" structure, where if the general premise is true, then a specific outcome is expected.

41. Card 41

    What distinguishes a 'statistical study' from an 'experimental study' based on the provided notes?

    While both involve data, an experimental study typically involves manipulating one or more variables (independent variables) to observe their effect on another variable (dependent variable) under controlled conditions. A statistical study, on the other hand, often involves observing and analyzing existing data or populations without direct manipulation, to identify correlations or patterns, as seen in the 'spacing children' example.

42. Card 42

    The example of 'Evolution' is given as a scientific theory. What characteristic of scientific theories does this example highlight?

    The example of Evolution highlights that scientific theories are built upon extensive observations and experiments conducted over long periods, in this case, over 100 years. This demonstrates the cumulative and well-supported nature of scientific theories, distinguishing them from casual 'theories'.

43. Card 43

    What is the primary difference between a scientific theory and a hypothesis?

    A hypothesis is a testable prediction or explanation for a specific observation, typically proposed at the beginning of an investigation. A scientific theory, however, is a much broader, well-established explanation that integrates and connects numerous well-supported and related hypotheses, providing a comprehensive understanding of a natural phenomenon.

44. Card 44

    If an experiment is designed to test the effect of a new fertilizer on plant growth, what would be an appropriate control group?

    An appropriate control group would be a set of plants grown under identical conditions as the experimental group (same soil, light, water, temperature) but without the application of the new fertilizer. This allows researchers to compare the growth of fertilized plants against those that received no fertilizer, isolating the effect of the fertilizer.

45. Card 45

    Why is it stated that "Science is dynamic"?

    Science is dynamic because it is not a static body of facts but an ongoing process of inquiry, discovery, and revision. New evidence, technologies, and perspectives constantly refine, expand, or even challenge existing understandings, leading to continuous evolution of scientific knowledge.

46. Card 46

    What is the purpose of the 'Conclusion' step in the scientific method?

    The Conclusion step involves analyzing the data collected during the experiment or observations to determine whether the results support or reject the initial hypothesis. It summarizes the findings and often suggests directions for future research or modifications to the hypothesis.

47. Card 47

    According to the notes, what is a key requirement for experimental design to ensure its validity and contribution to scientific knowledge?

    A key requirement for experimental design is that it 'Must be repeatable'. This ensures that other scientists can replicate the experiment to verify the results, which is fundamental to establishing the reliability and credibility of scientific findings.

48. Card 48

    Consider a statistical study investigating if spacing children leads to healthier children. What would be a potential benefit of this type of study compared to an experimental study?

    A statistical study in this context would be beneficial because it allows for the examination of existing family data over long periods without ethical concerns of experimentally manipulating family planning. It can reveal correlations and trends in real-world populations that might be impossible or unethical to test through direct experimentation.

49. Card 49

    What does the phrase 'concepts that join together well-supported and related hypotheses' refer to?

    This phrase refers to a Scientific Theory. It describes how a scientific theory is not just a single idea, but a robust framework that integrates multiple, interconnected hypotheses that have individually withstood rigorous testing and evidence.

50. Card 50

    If a scientist makes a prediction based on their hypothesis, what type of reasoning are they primarily employing?

    The scientist is primarily employing deductive reasoning. This involves using the general statement of the hypothesis to logically infer a specific, testable outcome or prediction that should occur if the hypothesis is true.

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