MICROBIO flashcards

All 30 cards

1. Card 1

   Define the G1 phase of the cell cycle.

   The G1 phase is a part of Interphase where the cell grows and synthesizes proteins and organelles, preparing for DNA replication. It precedes the S phase.

2. Card 2

   Distinguish between an unreplicated chromosome and a replicated chromosome.

   An unreplicated chromosome consists of a single chromatid, while a replicated chromosome consists of two identical sister chromatids joined at the centromere. Replication occurs during the S phase of the cell cycle.

3. Card 3

   Which of the following events occurs during Metaphase of mitosis? A. Nuclear membrane breaks down B. Sister chromatids are pulled apart C. Chromosomes line up in the center D. Cytoplasm divides into two cells

   C. Chromosomes line up in the center. This is the defining event of Metaphase, often remembered by the tactic 'Middle'.

4. Card 4

   What is the primary function of tumor suppressor genes?

   Tumor suppressor genes are responsible for stopping cell division. When these genes are mutated, they lose their ability to regulate cell growth, which can contribute to the development of cancer.

5. Card 5

   Define apoptosis and explain its significance in the context of cancer.

   Apoptosis is the process of programmed cell death. Cancer cells are characterized by their ability to avoid apoptosis, allowing them to continue growing and dividing uncontrollably despite having mutations.

6. Card 6

   Which of the following statements about cell division is FALSE? A. Mitosis creates two daughter cells from one parent cell. B. Cytokinesis occurs the same way in all eukaryotic cells. C. Replicated chromosomes consist of two identical sister chromatids. D. Cancer cells do not properly follow the checkpoints in the cell cycle.

   B. Cytokinesis occurs the same way in all eukaryotic cells. This statement is false because cytokinesis differs between plant and animal cells.

7. Card 7

   What is binary fission and in which type of organism does it occur?

   Binary fission is the process of cell division in prokaryotes. It is a simpler form of reproduction compared to mitosis or meiosis in eukaryotes.

8. Card 8

   Define 'sister chromatids' and 'centromere'.

   Sister chromatids are the identical halves of a replicated chromosome. The centromere is the constricted point where these identical sister chromatids are attached to each other.

9. Card 9

   During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur? A. Prophase B. G1 phase C. S phase D. G2 phase

   C. S phase. DNA replication, where the cell synthesizes a complete copy of its DNA, happens specifically during the Synthesis (S) phase of interphase.

10. Card 10

    What is the 'memory tactic' associated with Anaphase, and what key event does it describe?

    The memory tactic for Anaphase is 'Apart'. This tactic describes the key event where sister chromatids are pulled apart and move to opposite poles of the cell.

11. Card 11

    Distinguish between oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes.

    Oncogenes are genes that stimulate cell growth, and when mutated, can promote uncontrolled division. Tumor suppressor genes, conversely, normally stop cell division, and their inactivation can lead to cancer.

12. Card 12

    What is metastasis in the context of cancer?

    Metastasis is the process by which cancer cells spread from their original site of origin to other parts of the body. This spread makes cancer more difficult to treat.

13. Card 13

    Which of the following is TRUE regarding the daughter cells produced from mitosis? A. They have fewer chromosomes than the parent cell. B. They are genetically identical to the parent cell. C. They are haploid. D. They are formed after meiosis.

    B. They are genetically identical to the parent cell. Mitosis produces two daughter cells that have the same number of chromosomes and are genetically identical to the parent cell.

14. Card 14

    What happens to the nuclear membrane during Prophase of mitosis?

    During Prophase, the nuclear membrane breaks down. This allows the spindle fibers to access and attach to the condensed chromosomes.

15. Card 15

    Which of the following is NOT a stage of Interphase? A. G1 phase B. S phase C. G2 phase D. Prophase

    D. Prophase. Prophase is the first stage of Mitosis, not Interphase. Interphase consists of G1, S, and G2 phases.

16. Card 16

    What is a carcinogen?

    A carcinogen is a substance that causes cancer by inducing mutations that change the DNA sequence of genes related to cell growth. Exposure to carcinogens can increase cancer risk.

17. Card 17

    Describe the appearance of chromosomes during the drawing stage of Prophase.

    During the drawing stage of Prophase, chromosomes are visible and appear scattered within the cell, and the spindle apparatus is forming. They have condensed from their diffuse interphase state.

18. Card 18

    Which phase of mitosis is characterized by the formation of two nuclei at opposite ends of the cell? A. Anaphase B. Metaphase C. Telophase D. Cytokinesis

    C. Telophase. In Telophase, nuclear membranes reform around the chromosomes at opposite poles, leading to the formation of two distinct nuclei.

19. Card 19

    What is the relationship between mutations and cancer?

    Cancer is caused by mutations that change the DNA sequence of genes related to cell growth. These mutations can affect oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes, leading to uncontrolled cell proliferation.

20. Card 20

    A cell has just completed DNA replication. Which chromosomal structure label best describes its state? A. Unreplicated chromosome B. Single chromatid C. Replicated chromosome D. Centromere

    C. Replicated chromosome. After DNA replication in the S phase, the chromosome consists of two identical sister chromatids joined at the centromere, making it a replicated chromosome.

21. Card 21

    What is the 'memory tactic' for Telophase, and what is its main outcome?

    The memory tactic for Telophase is 'Two nuclei'. Its main outcome is the reformation of nuclear membranes around the separated chromosomes at opposite ends of the cell, preparing for cell division.

22. Card 22

    Which of the following statements is TRUE? A. Mitosis is the process by which sexually-reproducing organisms make gametes. B. DNA replication occurs during prophase of mitosis. C. The daughter cells from mitosis have the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell. D. Cell division in prokaryotes is called meiosis.

    C. The daughter cells from mitosis have the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell. Mitosis ensures that genetic information is faithfully passed on, maintaining the chromosome number.

23. Card 23

    Define 'tumor' in the context of cancer.

    A tumor is a local mass of cancer cells. These cells grow and divide uncontrollably due to mutations, forming an abnormal tissue mass.

24. Card 24

    Which phase of the cell cycle is typically the largest portion in a circular diagram? A. Mitosis B. Cytokinesis C. Interphase D. Anaphase

    C. Interphase. Interphase is the longest part of the cell cycle, during which the cell grows, replicates its DNA, and prepares for division.

25. Card 25

    What is the 'memory tactic' for Cytokinesis, and what is the visual representation?

    The memory tactic for Cytokinesis is 'Cut'. Visually, this phase is represented by the cell splitting into two distinct daughter cells as the cytoplasm divides.

26. Card 26

    Define 'independent assortment' and explain its significance in genetic variability.

    Independent assortment is the random alignment of homologous chromosome pairs during Metaphase I of meiosis. This random alignment leads to different combinations of chromosomes in the resulting gametes, contributing significantly to genetic variability among offspring.

27. Card 27

    Which of the following processes is NOT a source of genetic variability in sexual reproduction? A. Crossing over B. Independent assortment C. Random fertilization D. Mitosis

    D. Mitosis. Mitosis produces genetically identical daughter cells for growth, repair, and replacement, and does not contribute to genetic variability in the same way that meiosis and fertilization do through processes like crossing over, independent assortment, and random fertilization.

28. Card 28

    Distinguish between the purpose of mitosis and the purpose of meiosis.

    The purpose of mitosis is for growth, repair, and replacement of somatic cells, producing two genetically identical diploid daughter cells. In contrast, the purpose of meiosis is the production of gametes (sperm/egg), resulting in four genetically different haploid daughter cells.

29. Card 29

    During which specific phase of meiosis do homologous chromosomes pair up to form tetrads and undergo crossing over? A. Metaphase I B. Prophase II C. Prophase I D. Anaphase I

    C. Prophase I. In Prophase I of meiosis, homologous chromosomes pair up to form tetrads, and it is during this stage that crossing over occurs, exchanging DNA between them.

30. Card 30

    Why is genetic variability important for populations?

    Genetic variability is crucial for the survival and evolution of populations. It enables populations to adapt to changing environmental conditions, resist diseases, and ensures that some individuals will have traits better suited for survival, allowing the species to persist over time.

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