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Histoire Bloc 3 flashcards
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Card 1
How did the Treaty of Paris in 1763 impact the sovereignty of New France?
The Treaty of Paris officially concluded the war in Europe, resulting in France ceding New France to England. This marked the formal transfer of ownership and sovereignty over the territory to the British.
Card 2
Why was the Proclamation Royale of 1763 considered the first constitution for the newly acquired territory?
The Proclamation Royale was the first constitution because it established the initial framework for governance and administration after the British acquisition. It outlined the new legal and territorial structure intended to assimilate the French Canadians.
Card 3
How did the British attempt to assimilate French Canadians through the Proclamation Royale of 1763?
The British attempted assimilation by reducing the territory to the St. Lawrence Valley, imposing English civil and criminal laws, abolishing the tithe, and making the Test Oath mandatory, which required renouncing Catholicism to hold government positions.
Card 4
Why did the Proclamation Royale ultimately fail in its goal of assimilating French Canadians?
The Proclamation Royale failed because the demographic reality made assimilation impossible. French Canadians constituted 99% of the population, while the British population was too small to effectively impose assimilation policies on such a large majority.
Card 5
How did governors James Murray and Guy Carleton respond to the failure of the Proclamation Royale's assimilation policy?
Governors James Murray and Guy Carleton adopted a policy of conciliation. They made concessions, such as tolerating the Catholic religion and French civil laws, to ensure peace and stability in the colony, recognizing the impracticality of assimilation.
Card 6
Why were British merchants, also known as the British Party, angered by the governors' policy of conciliation?
British merchants were angered because they opposed the governors' 'kindness' towards the francophones. They likely desired stricter enforcement of British policies and the assimilation of French Canadians, which they believed would benefit their commercial interests.
Card 7
How did the Act of Quebec in 1774 aim to prevent the Canadiens from joining the revolt in the Thirteen Colonies?
The Act of Quebec aimed to secure the loyalty of the Canadiens by granting them significant concessions. These measures were intended to appease the French Canadian population and deter them from siding with the rebellious American colonies.
Card 8
What was the primary objective behind the implementation of the Act of Quebec in 1774?
The primary objective of the Act of Quebec was to secure the loyalty of the Canadiens. The British government sought to prevent them from joining the growing revolt in the Thirteen Colonies by addressing some of their grievances and offering them protections.
Card 9
How did the Proclamation Royale of 1763 affect the territorial boundaries of the former New France?
The Proclamation Royale significantly reduced the territory of the former New France, confining it primarily to the St. Lawrence Valley. This was a measure intended to concentrate the French Canadian population and facilitate assimilation.
Card 10
Why was the Serment du Test a significant measure in the Proclamation Royale's assimilation strategy?
The Serment du Test was significant because it directly targeted the religious identity of French Canadians. By requiring them to renounce Catholicism to participate in government, it aimed to force religious conversion or exclude them from political life, thereby weakening their cultural distinctiveness.
Card 11
How did the British military regime (1760-1763) function as a transitional period?
The British military regime served as an interim period between the capitulation of New France and the official end of the war in Europe. It was a time of waiting and temporary governance before a formal constitutional framework could be established.
Card 12
Why did the British government shift from an assimilation policy (Proclamation Royale) to a conciliation policy under governors Murray and Carleton?
The British government shifted policies because the assimilation efforts of the Proclamation Royale proved ineffective due to the overwhelming French Canadian population. Conciliation became a pragmatic approach to maintain peace and stability in the colony.
Card 13
How did the abolition of the dîme under the Proclamation Royale impact the Catholic Church in the newly acquired territory?
The abolition of the dîme, a mandatory tithe to the Catholic Church, significantly impacted the Church's financial stability and influence. It was a direct measure to weaken the institution that was central to French Canadian identity and resistance to assimilation.
Card 14
What role did the ongoing war in Europe play in the establishment of the military regime in New France after its capitulation?
The ongoing war in Europe meant that the final status of New France could not be immediately determined. The military regime was a temporary administrative solution until the war concluded and a peace treaty, like the Treaty of Paris, could formally transfer sovereignty and establish a new civil government.
Card 15
How did the demographic imbalance between French Canadians and British settlers contribute to the failure of assimilation under the Proclamation Royale?
The demographic imbalance, with French Canadians making up 99% of the population, meant that the small British minority could not effectively impose its language, laws, and religion on such a large and established community. This numerical superiority allowed French Canadians to resist assimilation efforts.
Card 16
Why did the British government enact the Quebec Act in 1774, and what were its primary objectives?
The British government enacted the Quebec Act in 1774 primarily to secure the loyalty of the Canadiens and prevent them from joining the growing revolt in the Thirteen Colonies. Its objectives included expanding the territory of Quebec, reinstating French civil laws, abolishing the Test Oath, and restoring the tithe for the Catholic Church, all aimed at appeasing the francophone population.
Card 17
How did the arrival of the Loyalists after the American Revolution impact the political and social landscape of Quebec?
The arrival of over 40,000 anglophone Loyalists significantly altered Quebec's demographic and political landscape by dramatically increasing the proportion of British subjects. This influx led to strong demands for changes, including the division of land into townships, the application of English laws throughout the territory, and the establishment of an elected House of Assembly, as they refused to live under French laws and the seigneurial system.
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